Persecution of Jews in Germany

Roman Empire
Under Christian emperors, Jews were persecuted in the Roman Empire, which included forbidding Jews from marrying Christians, restricting Jews from holding public office, and Jews weren't allowed to own slaves.

Crusades
The Crusaders were composed of Christians and they massacred and forced Jews to convert to Christianity in multiple towns and destroyed the houses and synagogues of the Jews during the Crusades. They persecuted, forcefully converted, forcefully baptized, and killed Jews in Speyer, Worms, Cologne, Regensburg, Trier, Neuss, Eller, Xanten, Kerpen, Geldern, Ellen, and hundreds of Jews died in Mainz during the Rhineland massacres of 1096.

Blood libels
Jews were murdered after blood libels, which falsely accuses Jews of having killed Christian children for rituals, in Boppard in 1179, Fulda in 1235, Kitzingen in 1243, Pforzheim in 1267, Mainz in 1281 and 1283, Munich in 1285, and Oberwesel in 1287.

Host desecration accusations
Jews were murdered after accusations of host desecration in Beelitz in 1243, Laa, Austria in 1294, Röttingen in 1298 (part of the Rintfleisch massacres), Deggendorf in 1337, Wolfsberg in 1338, Salzburg and Hallein in 1404, Passau in 1478, Mecklenburg in 1492, Brandenburg and Berlin in 1510. Jews were also expelled from Passau and Brandenburg. Beginning in 1298, thousands of Jews were killed in Germany by a Christian mob led by Rintfleisch.

Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
Jews were falsely blamed for the Black Death in Europe during the mid-1300s. They were persecuted and massacred. Jews were often used by Christians to blame due to their resentment of them considering the antisemitic Christian belief that Jews as a people hold the responsibility for killing Jesus Christ or Jewish deicide. Thousands of Jews were murdered in France, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, and Belgium.

Albert V
In the 15th century, the Vienna Gesera (Viennese Decree) by Duke Albert V imprisoned, burned, and banished Jews from Austria. He ordered the children of the murdered Jews to be forcibly baptized into Christianity. He later bragged: “... I burned my Jews.”

Ferdinand II
Jews of Vienna are forced to live in a ghetto in 1625 by the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II.

Maximilian I
Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I (who reigned from the late 15th to early 16th century) decreed the expulsion of Jews from Styria. Catholic theologian Johannes Pfefferkorn was authorized by Maximilian to confiscate Jewish books.

Karl Lueger
Karl Lueger, the mayor of Vienna (1897-1910), pursued antisemitic practices, mostly by not employing Jews in the city services and limiting them from educational institutions. Lueger supported politicians who actively perpetuated the myth that Jews ritually sacrificed Christian children and supported a bill against Jewish immigration from Russia and Romania. He also founded a Christian antisemitic political party.