Persecution of Jews in Spain

Council of Elvira
The ecclesiastical Council of Elvira, during the early fourth century, prohibited eating with Jews (Canon 50), marriage between Jewish males and Christian females (Canon 16), and fields from being blessed by Jews (Canon 49).

Roman emperors
Under Christian emperors, Jews were persecuted in the Roman and Byzantine Empires, which included forbidding Jews from marrying Christians, restricting Jewish ownership of slaves, punishing those that converted from Christianity to Judaism, and prohibiting Jews from bearing witness against orthodox Christians in court.

Severus of Menorca
In the early fifth century, Bishop Severus of Menorca and his flock forcefully converted Jews, of whom he claimed he converted hundreds, to Christianity and destroyed their synagogue.

Visigothic kings
The ecclesiastical Third Council of Toledo, convened by Bishop Leander of Seville under Visigothic King Reccared I in 589, enacted restrictions against Jews in Canon 14. It forbade Jews from having Christian wives, concubines, and slaves. Children of mixed marriages with Jews were to be baptized into Christianity. The council also disqualified Jews from holding any office in which they could punish Christians.

King Sisebut (who reigned from 612 to 621) prohibited Jews from owning Christian slaves and forced Jews to convert to Christianity. He issued a decree in the mid-610s that ordered Jews to convert. Jews who refused to convert were lashed and then forced to leave. Those who didn't convert or leave were punished with death.

The Fourth Council of Toledo in 633, convened by King Sisenand, decreed: “If a Jew has a Christian wife and wishes to live with her, he must become a Christian; if he will not do so, they are to be separated, and the children go with the mother; in the same fashion the children of unbelieving [Jewish] mothers and Christian fathers, become Christians.” He also forbade Jews from holding any public office and owning Christian slaves, and he also approved of the forced conversions of King Sisebut. Sisenand's successor, Chintila, convoked the Sixth Council of Toledo in 638, which established that only Catholics could live in Spain and that Jews had to convert or leave Spain.

King Recceswinth (649–672) issued laws that prohibited Jews from celebrating their Passover, observing the Sabbath, circumcising their children, keeping their dietary laws, and marrying by Jewish rite. Violation of these laws was punishable by death.

The Twelfth Council of Toledo, initiated by King Erwig and presided over by Archbishop Julian of Toledo, issued 28 laws condemning the Jewish people in 681. The council demanded the Jews' conversion or expulsion. In the 690s, Erwig's successor, Egica, convened the Seventeenth Council of Toledo, which decreed for Jews to be enslaved and their children to be taken and raised as Christians.

Council of Coyanza
The ecclesiastical Council of Coyanza in the mid-11th century forbade living or eating with Jews.

Blood libels
Jews were falsely blamed for the deaths of a child in Saragossa in 1182, Dominguito del Val in 1250, and the Holy Child of La Guardia in the early 1490s based on blood libels, which are false accusations of having killed Christians, usually children, for rituals. Several Jews were condemned for the death of the Holy Child of La Guardia by the tribunal of the Inquisition and burned at the stake.

Monarchs of Aragon and Castile
King James I of Aragon forbade Jews from holding any public office and from employing Christian servants in their houses in 1228, and he ordered Jews to wear a badge in the same year. In 1242, he ordered Jews to attend conversionary sermons. Jews were also required to wear a badge by King Alfonso X of Castile (1252–1284) in his book of laws and later in a decree by King John II of Castile in 1412. King Ferdinand II of Aragon taxed Jews extra and setup the Spanish Inquisition with Isabella I of Castile to persecute Jews in 1478. In 1492, Ferdinand and Isabella issued the Edict of Expulsion, which forced Jews to convert or leave Spain.

Papacy
In 1234, Pope Gregory IX ordered King Theobald I of Navarre to enforce the badge requirement. The schismatic pope from the late 14th century to the early 15th century, Benedict XIII, ordered for Jews to be debarred from office, restricted in their occupation, only one small synagogue for each congregation be permitted, the construction of new synagogues be prohibited, for Jews to listen to Christian sermons, and the renewal of the Fourth Lateran Council's badge requirement for Jews. He also forbade the study of the Talmud and had copies of it confiscated and destroyed.

Pastoureaux of 1320
The Pastoureaux of 1320 were religious fanatics that killed Jews and forced Jews to be baptized into Christianity in France and northern Spain.

Navarre massacre of 1328
In 1328, the sermons of a Franciscan friar incited a massacre of thousands of Jews in Navarre.

Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
Jews were falsely blamed for the Black Death or bubonic plague pandemic in Europe during the mid-1300s. They were persecuted and massacred. Jews were often used by Christians to blame due to their resentment of them, considering the antisemitic Christian belief that Jews as a people hold the responsibility for killing Jesus Christ, known as Jewish deicide. Many Jews were murdered in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, and the Netherlands.

Host desecration accusations
Jews were murdered after accusations of host desecration in Barcelona in 1367, Huesca in 1377, and Segovia in the early 15th century.

Massacres and forced conversions of 1391
Thousands of Spain's Jewish inhabitants were killed, and many others were forced to convert and baptize to Christianity as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms that occurred in 1391. The events were incited by the antisemitic agitator and archdeacon of Ecija, Ferrand Martinez.

Restrictions on conversos
Bishop Diego de Anaya of Cuenca in 1416 prohibited any descendants of Jews from entering the College of San Bartolomé at the University of Salamanca. The statute Sentencia-Estatuto, which was composed by a group of Old Christians (those considered to have blood purity by virtue of not having Jewish ancestors) led by the Roman Catholic Pedro Sarmiento in 1449, prohibited conversos or New Christians (Jews that did convert to Christianity, usually after persecution) from holding public or ecclesiastical offices and from being able to testify against Spanish Christians in court.

Inquisition
The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical tribunal that was used to persecute heretics. Officials of the Inquisition or inquisitors targeted suspected Jewish converts to Christianity who relapsed to Judaism and Christians who converted to Judaism. They were tortured and punished with death. Its extension in Spain, the Spanish Inquisition, which lasted from 1478 to 1834 and was established by the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, contributed the most to persecuting Jews. The Edict of Expulsion in 1492 forced Jews to convert or leave Spain. Due to the expulsion and persecution in previous years, thousands of Jews converted to Christianity, and thousands were expelled. Jews who converted back to Judaism were killed.

Edict of Expulsion
The Edict of Expulsion, also known as the Alhambra Decree, issued by the Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile in 1492 forced Jews to convert to Christianity or leave Spain. Those who did not convert or leave were sentenced to death.