Persecution of Jews in Belarus

Alexander
Grand Duke Alexander in 1495 expelled Jews from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and confiscated liens held by Jews against Christians.

Russian monarchs
In 1563, when the Russian armies captured Polotsk, Ivan IV, Tsar of Russia, ordered that all Jews were to be drowned in the river unless they converted to Christianity.

Empress Catherine II (who reigned from 1762 to 1796) segregated Jews and restricted them to the Pale of Settlement. She doubled the taxes on Jews; the added taxes were lifted if they converted to Orthodox Christianity.

In 1827, Emperor Nicholas I (who reigned from 1825 to 1855) required by law that Jews from 12 to 25 years old join the military and were required 25 years of service. Jews were also compelled to convert to Christianity.

Emperor Alexander III (who reigned from 1881 to 1894) favored Orthodox Christianity. He supported pogroms and attacks on Jews, and imposed various rules and bans on Jews: they weren't allowed land and property ownership in rural areas, they weren't allowed to hold government office, run schools, or appeal against a court sentence, they could be deported if they lived outside the Pale of Settlement, they weren't allowed to work in the legal, military, and medical professions, they were restricted in their entrance to universities and secondary schools, they weren't allowed to vote in zemstva and municipal elections, they were forced to sell up businesses, and their rights to trade or sell products were restricted.

Statute of 1566
Lithuanian nobles issued a statute in 1566 that was repressive toward Jews in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Paragraph 12 of the statute contains the following: “The Jews shall not wear costly clothing, nor gold chains, nor shall their wives wear gold or silver ornaments. The Jews shall not have silver mountings on their sabers and daggers; they shall be distinguished by characteristic clothes; they shall wear yellow caps, and their wives kerchiefs of yellow linen, in order that all may be enabled to distinguish Jews from Christians.”

Sigismund III
King and Grand Duke Sigismund III of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1597 prohibited Jews from residing in Vitebsk. He also restricted Jewish commerce and trade in Minsk in 1606.

Mid-17th century massacres
The Orthodox Christian Cossacks led by Khmelnytsky massacred Jews in Belarus, Poland, and Ukraine in the mid-17th century. Later Muscovite soldiers killed Jews in Bykhov in 1659.

Blood libels
After a blood libel (a false accusation that Jews killed a Christian, usually a child, for a ritual) in 1657 in Ruzhany, two Jews were executed. A Jew is executed for another blood libel that occurred in Grodno in 1790.