Persecution of Jews in Spain

Roman and Byzantine Empires
Under Christian emperors, Jews were persecuted in the Roman and Byzantine Empires, including forced conversions to Christianity, forbidding Jews from marrying Christians, restricting Jews from holding public office, and Jews weren't allowed to own slaves.

Christian church councils are meetings of church authorities to consider and rule on Christian doctrine, canon laws, and other matters. The ecclesiastical Council of Elvira, during the early fourth century, prohibited eating with Jews (Canon 50), prohibited marriage between Jewish males with Christian females (Canon 16), and prohibited fields from being blessed by Jews (Canon 49).

In the early 5th century, Bishop Severus of Menorca claimed to have forcefully converted hundreds of Jews to Christianity.

Visigothic kings
The ecclesiastical Third Council of Toledo, convened by Bishop Leander of Seville under Visigothic King Recared I in 589, enacted restrictions against Jews in Canon 14. It forbade Jews from having Christian wives, concubines, and slaves. Children of mixed marriages with Jews were to be baptized into Christianity. The council also disqualified Jews from holding any office in which they could punish Christians.

King Sisebut (who reigned from 612 to 621) forced Jews to convert to Christianity.

In 638, the Sixth Council of Toledo, convoked by King Chintila, established that only Catholics can live in Spain: Jews had to convert or leave Spain.

The Twelfth Council of Toledo, initiated by King Erwig and presided over by Archbishop Julian of Toledo, issued 28 laws condemning the Jewish people in 681. The council demanded the Jews' conversion or expulsion.

The Seventeenth Council of Toledo, in 694, was convened by King Egica and decreed for Jews to be enslaved and their children to be taken and raised as Christians.

James I of Aragon
King James I of Aragon in 1242 ordered Jews to attend conversionary sermons.

Blood libels
Jews were falsely blamed for the death of Dominguito del Val in 1250 and Holy Child of La Guardia in 1491 based on blood libels, which falsely accuses Jews of having killed Christian children for rituals. Several Jews were condemned for the death of the Holy Child of La Guardia by the tribunal of the Inquisition and burned at the stake.

Navarre massacre of 1328
In 1328, the sermons of a Franciscan friar incited a massacre of thousands of Jews in Navarre.

Persecution of Jews during the Black Death
Jews were falsely blamed for the Black Death in Europe during the mid-1300s. They were persecuted and massacred. Jews were often used by Christians to blame due to their resentment of them considering the antisemitic Christian belief that Jews as a people hold the responsibility for killing Jesus Christ or Jewish deicide. Thousands of Jews were murdered in France, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, Poland, and Belgium.

Juan of Castile
The infante Juan (later King Juan I) had Jews from Barcelona and Huesca executed for alleged host desecration in 1367 and 1377.

Massacres and forced conversions of 1391
Thousands of Spain's Jewish inhabitants were killed and many others were forced to convert and baptize to Christianity as a result of the religious persecution and pogroms which occurred in 1391. The events were incited by the antisemitic agitator and archdeacon of Ecija, Ferrand Martinez.

Sentencia-Estatuto
Sentencia-Estatuto, written by Roman Catholic Pedro Sarmiento in 1449, prohibited conversos (Jews that did convert to Christianity after persecution) from holding public or ecclesiastical offices and from being able to testify against Spanish Christians in court.

Spanish Inquisition
The Inquisition was a tribunal initiated by the Catholic Church to combat heresy. The Spanish Inquisition, which lasted from 1478 to 1834, was used to maintain Catholic orthodoxy and persecute Jews and Muslims that converted to Christianity suspected of heresy. Due to the expulsion and persecution in previous years, thousands of Jews converted to Christianity and thousands were expelled. Jews that converted back to Judaism were killed. In New Spain, the Spanish Empire in the New World, many Jews were executed for practicing the Jewish religion.

Edict of Expulsion
The Edict of Expulsion by Catholic Monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I in 1492 forced Jews to convert or leave Spain.