Christian Roots of Nazism

Introduction
The content in this encyclopedia documents the influence that Christianity had on the antisemitic ideology of Nazism. Some examples of Christian influence are in the personal history of the Nazis, and Christian antisemitism before Nazism, such as historical antisemitic beliefs, which include Jewish deicide, ritual murder, host desecration, and the Wandering Jew, the hatred of the Jewish people by the Church Fathers and popes, killings and mass forced conversions of Jews to Christianity, Martin Luther and his quotes from On the Jews and Their Lies in 1543, and other antisemitic persecution in Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and other European countries before Nazism.

Jewish deicide
Multiple biblical verses have influenced antisemitism, including the Jewish deicide charge that Jews as a people hold the responsibility for killing Jesus Christ. This claim led to the slur “Christ-killer” and the persecution of Jewish people, including massacres and forced expulsions of Jews from many countries. The deicide charge was a commonly held position among the Church Fathers and was the official position of the Catholic Church. The charge was made as early as the second century by Justin Martyr and Melito of Sardis.

Church Fathers
The Church Fathers including Ambrose of Milan, Aristides of Athens, Augustine of Hippo, Eusebius of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, Hippolytus of Rome, John Chrysostom, Justin Martyr, Melito of Sardis, Origen, Saint Ephraim, Saint Jerome, and Tertullian have made hateful remarks toward Jewish people, including blaming them for the death of Jesus Christ.

Papacy
During his years as the Pope from 590 to 604, Gregory I complained of Jews being stubborn and considered Judaism as Jewish superstition, depravity, and faithlessness and was disgusted with converts that “return to their vomit.” Gregory also opposed Jews having ownership of Christian slaves and described Jews as “preachers of Antichrist”. Popes Stephen III in the eighth century, Leo VII in the mid-tenth century, and Gregory VII in the 11th century referred to Jews as being the enemies of God or Jesus Christ. Benedict VIII, the Pope from 1012 to 1024, ordered the execution of a number of Jews for alleged blasphemy against Jesus Christ.

The popes of the papacy have made laws restricting Jewish people, which include Jews being prohibited from holding public office (1078, 1215, and 1442), prohibited from the construction of synagogues (1442 and 1555), prohibited from testifying against Christians (1442), forced to live in ghettos (1442, 1555, 1775, 1823, and 1850), forced to wear a Jewish badge and hat (1215, 1218, and 1555), and expelled from the Papal States (1569 and 1593).

The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical tribunal that was used to persecute heretics. It was initiated by the Catholic Church and established by Pope Gregory IX in the 13th century and lasted centuries. Officials of the Inquisition or inquisitors targeted suspected Jewish converts of Christianity that relapsed to Judaism and Christians that converted to Judaism. They were tortured and punished with death. Pope Julius III allowed the Franciscan Cornelio de Montalcino, who converted to Judaism, to be burned at the stake in Rome in 1554 and Pope Paul IV (1555-1559) had ordered over 20 Marranos (Jews that converted to Christianity that were secretly practicing Judaism) to be burned in Ancona.

Killings
During the Crusades, Inquisition, and persecution of Jews during the Black Death, Jews were murdered by Christians. There were many other incidents of Christians murdering Jews and many have happened after blood libels (false allegations of Jews having killed Christian children for rituals) and accusations of host desecration.

Martin Luther
Martin Luther, a leading Christian of German Christian history, has made antisemitic statements, including advocating for the death of the Jewish people in On the Jews and Their Lies and Martin Luther's Table Talk.